![]() ![]() There are several hundred species of stingless bees, and they’re found in tropical climates all over the world. Their sole purpose is to mate with females to ensure the future generation of bees and wasps.Īdditionally, there is a group of bees called “stingless bees.” As their name implies, stingless bees don’t sting. They don’t clean, build, or protect the hive. This is because male bees and wasps have an entirely different role than females. This means that if you’ve ever been stung by a bee, it was a female. Stingers are modified egg-laying organs, so only female bees have them. There are two types of bees that don’t sting:įor starters, male bees don’t sting because they don’t have a stinger. There are more than 600 stingless bee species, however, whose stingers have been so reduced that they are also known as entirely stingless bees (Meliponini), with the majority of these located in Latin America, Australia, Africa, and Eastern and Southern Asia.03 Which Bee Does Not Retain its Stinger? What Bees Don’t Sting? Generally speaking, most bee species don’t do much stinging – this is especially the case for most solitary bees, which make up around half of all known bee species.įemale solitary bees are fertile (compared to social bees with a lot of sterile worker bees), which means that stinging for them is quite a risky strategy and will only be used in highly dangerous situations. Do really all of them sting? Or is this a simple misconception held by a lot of people? What Kind of Bee Doesn’t Sting?īee stings are no fun. Not being able to pull out, the honey bee can get swatted by her victim, or she will pull so hard that the poison sac, and even part of her abdomen, will be pulled out of the body, only enabling her to fly off and die. Once she delivers a sting, the honeybee’s stinger is stuck, and so is the honey bee. They also have relatively elastic skin around the stinger, preventing them from easily pulling the barbed stingers out. Honey bees, on the other hand, have barbs on their stings. ![]() Having pulled the stinger out, the bumble bee is able to sting again and again. So a bumblebee can actually pull out the sting without detaching it. In fact, a bumblebee stings multiple times.Ĭontrary to a honeybee sting, the sting of a bumblebee has no barbs. Unlike honey bees, bumble bees do not die after delivering a sting. When stung in the face or anywhere in the head, or if you easily suffer from allergies, it is best to seek emergency medical services immediately after bumblebees sting you. This only happens in around one percent of cases, typically in adults who have been stung in the head or face. People with severe allergies may die within an hour after being stung, usually the result of an anaphylactic reaction or respiratory dysfunction. If you have allergies, though, bee stings can prove dangerous or even fatal (though rare). The allergic reaction and swelling can cause suffocation. As mentioned above, bee stings can cause allergic reactions and swelling. However, no matter which type of bee delivered the sting, a sting in the mouth or throat can be highly dangerous. Be careful when stung in the mouth or throatįor most people, reactions to a bumble bee sting on the hand or body disappear quickly. There could also be itching close to the sting. ![]() ![]() In particular, the acidic compound called melittin in their blood might activate your pain receptors.įor most people, this means that they see a local result on their skin, which might include painful swelling (caused by histamines) and redness. When a bumblebee stings, it injects venom into its victim.īumblebee venom, similar to wasp venom or honeybee venom, affects the blood vessels of your skin. Normally, when not agitated, the female bumblebee hides her sting inside the last abdominal segment. “No male bee of any species can sting, even honeybees, and bumblebees” Richard Comont, Bumblebee Conservation Trust But they are so good-natured that getting a female to sting you is actually a major undertaking. Only female bumble bees (queens and workers) have stingers, male bumblebees (drones) do not. These pollinators only sting when truly provoked. They do not form swarms like other bee types and attack. They will only sting if they feel threatened or their hive is in danger. Similar to most bees, bumblebees rarely sting, and they are quite peaceful insects. Yes, they do, but they do so very rarely. Now to the question: Do Bumble Bees Sting? ![]()
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![]() ![]() ![]() Additional design features include a fully customizable look magnetic faceplates and removable knobs let you incorporate your own style with optional MASCHINE CUSTOM KITS that can be purchased separately. There are also some new effects such as Transient Master, Tape and Tube Saturators that will further help to sculpt performances, and a full version of the MASSIVE synthesizer is included with 1,300 earth-shattering sounds to play with. ![]() More hardware and less software, the New MASCHINE allows for Host Transport Control, meaning that the hardware’s transport controls can be used to control the host DAW when the unit is being used as a VST, Audio Unit or RTAS plug-in. The displays have been updated also the new high contrast displays have a higher viewing angle that will help keep things visible, even with some difficult live performance placements. The hardware design has changed a bit one notable addition is the new master push encoder with grid, and the 47 all-new click-buttons that help to speed up the workflow. With the New MASCHINE you can timestretch and pitch shift your samples directly from the hardware, eliminating the need to jump back and forth from host systems. Now with heightened sensitivity, each one of the 16 touch-pads can be assigned a different color to easily separate and identify sounds, patterns, groups, and scenes. This next generation of MASCHINE has numerous enhanced workflow improvements for an even more intuitive and faster performance. Everything is intuitively controllable via the fully integrated hardware - once you touch the tactile controller the fun and intuitive workflow takes over, allowing you to stay focused on what matters - the music. Here it is, next-generation design, multi-colored pads, timestretching capabilities, and more.Īll in all, the New MASCHINE from Native Instruments is the same highly gratifying instrument that it’s always been, combining pattern-based sequencing, professional sampling, multi-effect units, and a VST/AU plug-in host, but now with even more style and functionality. ![]() ![]() Otherwise your code might be interpreted as part of something else. When you’re copying and pasting code and moving to a newline, always backspace to the beginning of the line. Framer defaults to use tabs by default, so if you see code that uses spaces like this:īackspace until you hit the left edge, and replace spaces with tabs to get something like this: Note that indentation matters in CoffeeScript, so make sure your indentation matches mine or the code won’t work! Indentation is CoffeeScript’s replacement for ‘s. If you’ve never used it before, don’t worry – it’s pretty simple and you can learn a lot about its syntax just by following along with this tutorial. Note: You write code in Framer using CoffeeScript, a simple language that compiles into Javascript. The changes you make on the layer by interacting with it on the prototype are immediately reflected in the code - and vice versa.īeing able to use either the code or the visual editor to make our changes is a huge advantage of prototyping with Framer as opposed to working with Xcode and Swift.ĭelete the existing code, paste the following in the coding panel, and observe the immediate change in the prototype: ![]() Mouse over the name of the layer in the Layers Panel to see its location on the prototype.Ĭhange the name to square in the coding panel.Ĭlick on the square next to the left of the line of code to see and modify the layer’s attributes in the Layers Panel and to move it around in the Prototype Panel.ĭrag the square to the middle of the prototype, and observe the changes in the Coding and Layers Panels. As a grey square in the Prototype Panel.You should then see your new layer in each panel: Then, click the Insert\Layer to create a new Layer.Ĭlick in a blank spot in the code editor to unselect the layer attributes. Creating a New PrototypeĬreate a new file in Framer, by going to File\New. Close this example project, you’re going to create a new one. The Layers Panel sits in the middle.įeel free to look through the code to get a preview of what’s coming, but don’t worry if you don’t understand it for now. On the left is the Coding Panel on the right is the Prototype Panel. Open Framer, and you’ll see the following welcome screen:Ĭlick the Animate example project to get a feel for the IDE: Let’s get started! Getting Startedįirst, download and install the following software (you can use the free trials for the purposes of this tutorial): In this tutorial, you will focus on prototyping the animation for the menu expanding/collapsing, as that’s the most interesting part. ![]() In this Framer tutorial, you’ll recreate this lovely navigation header animation created by Voleg: Framer makes it quick to prototype interactions, iterate on the fly, and bring back the magic! ![]() It’s hard to spend so much time when you might throw it away the next day.Įnter Framer: an easy-to-use tool for developers and designers to create interactive prototypes. So why doesn’t everyone create interactive prototypes instead? Well, it can take a lot of time to prototype user interactions using a tool like After Effects. Considering how important interaction design is to apps, static prototypes are like a puzzle with pieces missing. ![]() ![]() ![]() If you want to make more of a statement, take a look at our limited edition planners. To learn more, you can visit Moleskine Personalization. You can also customize your planner with pins: we have a selection of charms with either letters or symbols designed to attach to the elastic closure to add some personalized sparkle. Personalization is a great way to make your planner unique, or to create a special gift. This academic format is extremely useful for students and teachers, but also for anyone who likes to start afresh mid-year and plan further into the future.ĭon't forget that all our Classic Planners can be personalized with a word or message on the cover.
![]() ![]() PianoScorpion Fandoms: Berserk (Anime & Manga) It starts after Griffith has left the island (alone), when Guts and Casca are alone together for the first time in years.Ĭontents: 1-8: Skellig Before the Battle 9-14: Battle of Skellig 15-31: Skellig After the Battle 32-45: The Bakiraka Village 46-61: Falconia 62-78 : The Palace 79-81: Epilogue Language: English Words: 149,312 Chapters: 81/81 Comments: 301 Kudos: 284 Bookmarks: 38 Hits: 9,904 This work follows on Miura's last manuscript, Episode #364. It ended up quite different from what Studio Gaga started publishing in 2022 (which I had no idea they would do while I was writing this). In 2021, I wrote this to find out what would happen next. What sort of things this mad, difficult, beautiful story was saying. How all the characters would find closure. What would happen to Guts, Casca, and their son. so honestly no judgement if you skip about a bit ).but the parts I re-read the most are the first and last sections.Stellacanis Fandoms: Berserk (Anime & Manga) Would anything change if Griffith had an older brother?Įvery fandom deserves a male reader fic, and who doesn't like pretty boys? Language: English Words: 13,801 Chapters: 11/? Collections: 1 Comments: 127 Kudos: 1,216 Bookmarks: 152 Hits: 17,521 Graphic Depictions Of Violence, Rape/Non-Con.This world is rotten(-so let us set it alight-) Language: English Words: 13,085 Chapters: 3/? Comments: 9 Kudos: 14 Bookmarks: 1 Hits: 258 Also so I could write about Puck, give some love to my little elf man. Or: we never see all the apostles Guts kills in the Black swordsman arc, so I thought it'd be cool to write about a random apostle I made up he hunts downs. "Tell him the Black swordsman has come to kill him." "If you'll send a message to your master." "A-and you'll give me mercy?" The man begged. A character vomits because of pain so if you dont like vomit be careful.Language: English Words: 14,563 Chapters: 11/? Kudos: 13 Bookmarks: 7 Hits: 449Īmazingstar Fandoms: Berserk (Anime & Manga) Trigger warnings will be added to their respective chapters. Vowing to follow her dream of becoming a royal doctor alongside him, but all things come at a cost, don't they? This brings many things Nyla could not foresee: love, heartbreak, family, and much more. Nyla was the first to follow Griffith after saving his life and learning of his dream. Minor Charlotte (Berserk)/Original Female Character(s).Griffith/Guts (Berserk)/Original Female Character(s).Guts (Berserk)/Original Female Character(s). ![]() Griffith (Berserk)/Original Female Character(s).Graphic Depictions Of Violence, Major Character Death.Orphan_account Fandoms: Berserk (Anime & Manga) ![]() ![]() ![]() Your late game should involve Lux and Ahri duo carry. At Stage 4-1, if your HP is low and you are not that rich, look to roll down for at least 1 Lux and 2* copies of your Sorceror units. Otherwise, if your early board is weak, try to lose streak to build econ. Try to play a strong board early game to get to level 7 safely. That could be Malzahar, Cassiopeia, Vel’Koz, etc until you find a Lux. Since your carry is Lux, which is a 4 cost, you must learn to navigate the early game with an AP focused carry. Item Holder: Malzahar, Cassiopeia, Vel’kozīest Emblem/Spatula Holder: Sona > Jarvan Sorcs are a solid comp, especially if you have Sorceror Emblem which is put on Jarvan or Sona. Ravenous Hunter, Buried Treasures, Golden Ticket, Think Fast, Scoped Weapons, Long Distance Pals, Blood Money, Pandora’s items, Transfusion Yasuo items: Rapidfire Cannon, Edge of Night, Titan’s Resolve, Bloodthirster, AD items.Kai’Sa items: Stattik Shiv, Morellonomicon, Jeweled Guantlet, Guardbreaker, Hand of Justice, Archangel Staff, Rabadon’s Deathcap, Hextech Gunblade, Giant Slayer, Spear of Shojin. ![]() Warwick items: Rapidfire Cannon, Giant Slayer, Quicksilver, Titan’s Resolve, Guinsoo’s Rageblade, Guardbreaker.If you hit Warwick faster than Sett and you are far from Sett 3*, look to level up to add in Yasuo and Kai’Sa eventually. If you get a lot of copies of Sett you might as well try to 3* him as well, but keep in mind that Warwick is by far the highest priority unit. Then, you should build your economy back up and slowroll above 50g while maintaining max interest for 3* Warwick. Since this is a primarily 2 cost reroll comp, you should build you economy up early by hitting your 10 gold intervals as fast as possible and prepare to level to 6 at Stage 3-2 to roll for 2* upgrades of your units. You absolutely need Ravenous Hunter augment though. Just get him 3* with good items and he’ll be a monster. Nasus items: Titan’s Resolve, Bloodthirster, Hand of Justice, Tank itemsĪugments: Shurima’s Legacy, Long Distance Pals, Unified Resistance, Cybernetic Leech, Cruel Pact, Golden Ticket, Final Ascension, Social Distancing, Cybernetic Leech I, Army Building.Lissandra items: Morellonomicon, Rabadon’s Deathcap, Jeweled Gauntlet, Spear of Shojin, Hextech Gunblade, Archangel’s Staff, Guardbreaker, Giant Slayer,.Akshan items: Runaan’s Hurricane, Deathblade, Infinity Edge, Giant Slayer, Guardbreaker, Hand of Justice.If you have a Last Whisper, Freljord is not completely necessary, but since Lissandra is typically rerolled along with Akshan you might as well keep it. Then, level to 7 at 3-5 with the economy you’ve built to roll for 2* Akshan and some other upgrades like Lissandra 2. Sometimes, if your board is weak early, you probably want to sack (lose streak) the entirety of Stage 2 and the first half of Stage 3. However, to get there, try to play strongest board and/or build your economy through interest thresholds so that you can set yourself up for success. Since this is a 3 cost reroll comp, ideally you try to level to 7 and slowroll for 3*. Check out the Legend Guide for more info.Īkshan’s interaction with Runaan’s Hurricane (which is still good) got nerfed but he got buffed, so he’s still very strong The better TFT player will do better with any legend. Different legends fit different players as well. S: Akshan Reroll, Ravenous Warwick, Sorcerers, Deadeye, Shadow Isles,Ī: Jinx Reroll, Gunners, Noxus Reroll, Double Trouble Taliyah, Challengers, Void Kai’Sa, Built Different, Ionia Yasuo, Strategist Azir, Tristana Reroll, Garen Reroll, Multicaster Reroll, Shurima, Kayle Reroll, Riftwalker Kassadin,ī: Ekko Reroll, Karma Reroll, Zed Reroll, Rogue Reroll, Demacia,Ī: Poro, Aurelion Sol, Vladimir, Master Yi, Caitlyn,ī: Pengu, Urf, Ezreal, Twisted Fate, Lee Sin, Veigar, Bard, Tahm Kench,Īll legends work, and the difference between the tiers is VERY LOW because you can just reroll the augment. * How to Actually get to Challenger * Best TFT Comps for Set 9 Patch 13.14b ![]() Catch his streams on Twitch or get coaching from him!īe on the lookout by bookmarking this page or subscribing to my YouTube for the latest news and comps.Ĭheck LEVELING GUIDE so you know what to do for each comp (includes reroll and Augments) He is the Set 5 MSI winner and reaches top 10 every set. We’ve brought Voids1n back to show us Set 9 comps. Updated 7/28 – Week 2 Update!! Check out Augments guide as well for this patch and the Portal Guide ![]() ![]() ![]() Even with a name brand like Nolan at the helm and euphoric reviews, it’s a dazzling start for a three-hour-long period piece with little action and lots of talking. “Oppenheimer” crushed box office expectations, generating a remarkable $82.4 million in North America and $180 million globally. Neither of these instances has hampered ticket sales. “Oppenheimer” also courted controversy in India by quoting text from the Hindu scripture “Bhagavad Gita” - specifically the line “I am become Death, destroyer of worlds,” which Oppenheimer recalled when the first nuclear bomb was detonated - during an earlier sex scene with Tatlock. In those instances, Disney refused to comply with cuts requested by censors so the movies were banned from playing in those theaters. From dresses and tops to jumpsuits and accessories, we have your style essentials. Discover our range of womens clothing online, from dresses to jackets, with something for everyone. Shop gorgeous womens fashion at QUIZ today. Recent Disney movies “West Side Story” and “Eternals” were pulled from release in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman and Kuwait due to the inclusion of a transgender character in the former and Marvel’s first openly same-sex couple in the latter. Shop womens fashion clothing now with Forever Unique. Several countries in Asia and the Middle East have strict censorship mandates regarding sexuality, nudity and swearing. Shop sexy club dresses, jeans, shoes, bodysuits, skirts and more. Hit refresh on your wardrobe & discover thousands of this seasons must-have trends. Fashion Nova is the top online fashion store for women. Movies with the U/A certification “can contain moderate adult themes, that is not strong in nature and can be watched by a child below 12 years of age under parental guidance,” according to India’s Central Board of Film Certification. Shop the latest womens fashion at PrettyLittleThing Australia. “Oppenheimer” was edited to pass with a U/A certificate by India’s film certification standards. 3SXea7pbCt- Florence Pugh Daily July 24, 2023 Read More.A censored version of ‘OPPENHEIMER’ is being screen in several countries, with a CGI black dress covering Florence Pugh. With FREE express delivery across Australia for all orders over $150, your next outfit could arrive just in time for the weekend. Offering fast local and international shipping to anywhere in the world, you can also enjoy Afterpay and Zip - no more waiting for payday to arrive. What sets us apart from every other Australian clothing store online? We’ve made it easy for every woman to enjoy a little piece of Billy J. 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Enjoy the premium quality and goog price. We offer dresses, tops, bottoms, wedding outfits, sportswear, household items and more.1000+ new items everyday. We are proud to offer a large collection of sophisticated outfits, accessories and footwear for everybody. Dress to impress with Red Dress Boutiques unique collection of stylish dresses, shoes, tops, accessories, and more From timeless classics to bold. Discover exclusive discounts and the latest styles at LightInTheBox. Whether it’s a birthday party, formal occasion, or brunch with the girls, it’s never been easier to look next level with Billy J. ![]() ![]() ![]() Slumdog Millionaire: Music from the Motion Picture ![]() Other charted songs List of other charted songs, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name ( Travis Scott featuring Young Thug and M.I.A.) ( Madonna featuring Nicki Minaj and M.I.A.) ( Buraka Som Sistema featuring DJ Znobia, M.I.A., Saborosa and Puto Prata) featuring Kanye West, Lil Wayne and M.I.A.) Singles As lead artist List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album nameĪs featured artist List of singles as featured artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name "-" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. Formats: CD, LP, digital download, streaming.Albums Studio albums List of studio albums, with selected chart positions, sales figures and certifications Billboard Hot 100, becoming her first Hot 100 number-one single. In 2020, she was featured along with Young Thug on Travis Scott's single " Franchise", which debuted atop the U.S. Her fifth album, AIM, was released on 9 September 2016. Her fourth album, Matangi, was released in 2013, charting moderately in music markets, despite receiving strong feedback from both public and critics. Her third album, Maya, was released in 2010 and reached the top 10 in numerous countries, remaining her highest-charting album both in the UK and the US. and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 81st Academy Awards. The song, which appears on the film's soundtrack album, was released on M.I.A.'s own label N.E.E.T. Saya", a song written specifically for the film by M.I.A. The song appeared on the soundtrack to the 2008 film Slumdog Millionaire along with " O. " Paper Planes", the album's fourth and final single, became M.I.A.'s breakthrough hit and was nominated for Record of the Year at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards. It proved much more commercially successful than her debut, reaching number 18 on the US Billboard 200 and number 21 on the UK Albums Chart. Her second album, Kala, was released in 2007 along with the single " Boyz" and was also praised by critics, drawing more extensively from African, Tamil and Caribbean music. Music magazines in the United States and Europe included it in lists of the best albums of the year, and it was nominated for the Mercury Prize in the United Kingdom. Although the album had limited commercial success, it was highly regarded by music critics for its blending of genres such as grime, hip hop, ragga and Brazilian baile funk, and for its politicised lyrics. She released two singles and a mixtape in the interim. M.I.A.'s debut studio album, Arular, was initially scheduled to be released in September 2004, but the release was delayed by six months due to problems with the clearance of samples used in the songs. The band's lead singer, Justine Frischmann, lent her a Roland MC-505 sequencer/ drum machine which she used to make a demo tape that secured her a contract with British label XL Recordings. began her career as a visual artist and film-maker, and moved into making music after filming a documentary on the band Elastica in 2001. Born Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam, M.I.A. has released six studio albums, two extended plays, two mixtapes, forty singles (including eight as a featured artist) and twenty-nine music videos. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Our results will be used to better inform policy and guidelines for the practice of organ donation internationally. This helps to reassure organ donation organizations that practices of determination of death are safe and appropriate. Second, our finding that the longest pause before heart activity restarted on its own was four minutes and 20 seconds supports the current practice of waiting five minutes after circulation stops before declaring death and proceeding to organ recovery. Our study provides evidence that stops and starts are to be expected during a normal dying process without CPR, and that they do not lead to regained consciousness or survival.įlatline resumption: heart activity stops and starts during the natural process of dying. Intermittent signals on bedside monitors can sometimes be alarming if observers interpret them as signs that life is unexpectedly returning. The results of our study are important for a few reasons.įirst, the observation that stops and restarts of heart activity and circulation are often part of the natural process of dying will be reassuring to doctors, nurses and family members at the bedside. In some cases, electrical activity of the heart continued for over 30 minutes without resulting in any circulation of blood. We found that the heart rate (electrical stimulation leading to movement of the heart muscle) and pulse (movement of blood in the veins) only stopped together in 19 per cent of patients. The human heart functions as a result of an electrical stimulation of nerves that causes the heart muscle to contract and contribute to blood flow - the pulse you can feel in your arteries and veins. We also found it was common for the heart to continue to show electrical activity long after blood flow or pulse stopped. None of the patients we observed survived or regained consciousness. The longest time that heart activity continued after restarting was 27 minutes, but most restarts lasted just one to two seconds. The longest that the heart stopped before restarting on its own was four minutes and 20 seconds. Out of 480 “flatline” signals reviewed, we found a stop-and-start pattern in 67 (14 per cent). We found that human heart activity often stops and restarts a number of times during a normal dying process. Video is sped up eight times.Īs it turns out, the classic flatline of death is not so straightforward. This video shows arterial blood pressure and electrocardiogram signals stop for 64 seconds before resuming, and finally stopping nearly three minutes later. ![]() As a result, we were able to analyze end-of-life flatline patterns for 480 out of 631 patients - including looking at whether and when any circulation or heart activity returned after stopping for at least one minute. In addition to collecting medical information about each patient, we built a computer program to capture and review heart rate, blood pressure, blood oxygenation level and respiratory patterns directly from bedside monitors. All patients’ families consented to participate in the research. Our recent study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, presents observations of the dying process of 631 patients across Canada, the Czech Republic and the Netherlands who died in an intensive care unit. In particular, we were interested in understanding whether it is possible for the heart to restart on its own, without any interventions like cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or medication. We focused on patients in the intensive care unit who died after life support was withdrawn, since these patients may also be eligible for organ donation. Our interdisciplinary team of doctors, bio-engineers and experienced clinical researchers has spent the past decade studying what happens when a person dies after their heart stops. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() As a hyphen-replacement, functioning as a semantic linking element in a compound word (most frequently: a compound noun) that binds together two elements more loosely than a normal-space-in-that-same-compound.For this parenthetical usage, the em-dash is more common in US typography, while the en-dash is more common in UK typography. This also works well with kerning (see above). The en-dash in this usage is always surrounded by spaces. As a modern punctuation mark for parenthetical phrases.The en-dash ( -) has two frequent usages: (Note that usage of either em- or en-dashes for parenthetical purposes includes many cases where you visually see only one em/en-dash, simply because of the implicit orthographic rule that the beginning or end of a sentence "eats" one member of the "dash-dash parenthesis symbol pair".) Of course that would not apply to em-dashes surrounded by spaces (the NYTimes style guide recommends this, for this reason), but keep in mind that this makes for really fat typographic separation. While you could describe this as a question of visual taste, one definite problem with em-dashes without surrounding spaces is that tracking (aka letter-spacing aka "stretching" in some TeX lingo) doesn't play well with this: interword spacing will increase uniformly for words separated by spaces but will remain fixed for words separated by an em-dash without surrounding spaces. (Some sources recommend "hair spaces" around the em-dash for this practice, but other sources recommend against that, and I don't see this commonly done by newspapers and magazines in the US.) This practice is recommended against by some style guides these days (typographer Robert Bringhurst indirectly calls the em-dash "Victorian"), and I agree. In US typography, parenthetical phrases are traditionally set off with em-dashes without surrounding spaces.The most common generally accepted possible use case is before a name in a quotation that is attributed only to a person (that is: not quoted bibliographically), say, at the beginning of a paper or chapter.The em-dash ( -) has very few recommended use cases nowadays. (For example, I'm omitting discussion of the various uses of dashes in dialogues or quoted speech because (1) they pop up rarely in the (La)TeX world as they are mostly relevant to copyeditors of fiction (who can be assumed to have learned the rules otherwise) and (2) their usage is rare and thus not necessarily governed by hard-and-fast, rigid rules.) I am not saying that my answer is exhaustive. Note that I'm listing only the cases that occur most frequently and that seem to raise the most questions. Rather than hiding all the information in comments, here is a summary. The answers and comments I have seen so far are incomplete and not entirely accurate in some regards. ![]() |
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